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The Tigers prospect -- ranked No. 60 by MLB Pipeline -- clobbered a pair in a Spring Breakout matchup with Philly. Watch five more games today.

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Baseball | History, Definition, & Facts | Britannica

Baseball | History, Definition, & Facts | Britannica

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baseball

Table of Contents

IntroductionA national pastimeHistoryOriginEarly yearsProfessional baseballLeague formationSurvival and growthThe postwar periodMovement and expansionThe minor leaguesLabour issuesRise of the playersBlacks in baseballSegregationIntegrationWomen in baseballAmateur baseballBaseball abroadBaseball in Latin AmericaBaseball in Asia and the PacificEuropean baseballInternational competitionAnalyzing baseballThe scorecardRecords and statisticsAwardsFantasy baseballPlay of the gameField of play and equipmentGroundsThe ball and batGlovesProtective gearUmpiresPrinciples of playOffenseThe batting orderGetting on baseAdvancing base runners and scoringSubstitutionsDefenseDefensive positionsOutfieldersInfieldersThe batteryOutsThe putoutThe force playPitchingThe pitching repertoirePitching with men on baseSubstitutionsBaseball and the artsWorld Series resultsJapan Series resultsCaribbean Series champions

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Who Really Invented Baseball?

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Written by

Richard Frank Peterson

Professor Emeritus of English, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois. Editor of the Writing Baseball series. Author of Extra Innings: Writing on Baseball and The Pirates Reader.

Richard Frank Peterson,

Milton Jamail

Lecturer, Department of Government, University of Texas at Austin. Author of Full Count: Inside Cuban Baseball.

Milton Jamail,

Robert W. Peterson

Author of Only the Ball Was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams.

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baseball, game played with a bat, a ball, and gloves between two teams of nine players each on a field with four white bases laid out in a diamond (i.e., a square oriented so that its diagonal line is vertical). Teams alternate positions as batters (offense) and fielders (defense), exchanging places when three members of the batting team are “put out.” As batters, players try to hit the ball out of the reach of the fielding team and make a complete circuit around the bases for a “run.” The team that scores the most runs in nine innings (times at bat) wins the game. A national pastime The United States is credited with developing several popular sports, including some (such as baseball, gridiron football, and basketball) that have large fan bases and, to varying degrees, have been adopted internationally. But baseball, despite the spread of the game throughout the globe and the growing influence of Asian and Latin American leagues and players, is the sport that Americans still recognize as their “national pastime.” The game has long been woven into the fabric of American life and identity. “It’s our game,” exclaimed the poet Walt Whitman more than a century ago, “that’s the chief fact in connection with it: America’s game.” He went on to explain that baseball has the snap, go, fling of the American atmosphere—it belongs as much to our institutions, fits into them as significantly, as our constitutions, laws: is just as important in the sum total of our historic life. It is the place where memory gathers. Perhaps Whitman exaggerated baseball’s importance to and its congruency with life in the United States, but few would argue the contrary, that baseball has been merely a simple or an occasional diversion.

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Abner DoubledayIt was nationalistic sentiment that helped to make baseball “America’s game.” In the quest to obtain greater cultural autonomy, Americans yearned for a sport they could claim as exclusively their own. Just as the English had cricket and the Germans their turnvereins (gymnastic clubs), a sporting newspaper declared as early as 1857 that Americans should have a “game that could be termed a ‘Native American Sport.’ ” A powerful confirmation of baseball as the sport to fill that need came in 1907 when a special commission appointed by A.G. Spalding, a sporting goods magnate who had formerly been a star pitcher and an executive with a baseball team, reported that baseball owed absolutely nothing to England and the children’s game of rounders. Instead, the commission claimed that, to the best of its knowledge (a knowledge based on flimsy research and self-serving logic), baseball had been invented by Abner Doubleday at Cooperstown, New York, in 1839. This origin myth was perpetuated for decades. In a country comprising a multiplicity of ethnic and religious groups, one without a monarchy, an aristocracy, or a long and mythic past, the experience of playing, watching, and talking about baseball games became one of the nation’s great common denominators. It provided, in the perceptive words of British novelist Virginia Woolf, “a centre, a meeting place for the divers activities of a people whom a vast continent isolates [and] whom no tradition controls.” No matter where one lived, the “hit-and-run,” the “double play,” and the “sacrifice bunt” were carried out the same way. The unifying power of baseball in the United States was evident in the Depression-ravaged 1930s, when a group of Cooperstown’s businessmen along with officials from the major leagues established the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The Hall of Fame became a quasi-religious shrine for many Americans, and, since its founding, millions of fans have made “pilgrimages” to Cooperstown, where they have observed the “relics”—old bats, balls, and uniforms—of bygone heroes.

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Baseball also reshaped the nation’s calendar. With the rise of industrialization, the standardized clock time of the office or factory robbed people of the earlier experience of time in its rich associations with the daylight hours, the natural rhythms of the seasons, and the traditional church calendar. Yet, for Americans, the opening of the baseball training season signaled the arrival of spring, regular-season play meant summer, and the World Series marked the arrival of fall. In the winter, baseball fans participated in “hot stove leagues,” reminiscing about past games and greats and speculating about what the next season had to offer. The World Series, inaugurated in 1903 and pitting the champions of the American and National Leagues in a postseason play-off, quickly took its place alongside the Fourth of July and Christmas as one of the most popular annual rites. The series was, said Everybody’s Magazine in 1911, “the very quintessence and consummation of the Most Perfect Thing in America.” Each fall it absorbed the entire nation. Baseball terms and phrases, such as “He threw me a curve,” “Her presentation covered all the bases,” and “He’s really out in left field,” soon became part of the national vocabulary, so entrenched is baseball in the ordinary conversation of Americans. During the administration of President George H.W. Bush, a baseball player during his years at Yale University, the foreign press struggled to translate the president’s routine use of baseball metaphors. As early as the 1850s, baseball images began to appear in periodicals, and, in the 20th century, popular illustrator Norman Rockwell often used baseball as the subject for his The Saturday Evening Post covers. “Casey at the Bat” and “Take Me Out to the Ballgame” remain among the best-known poems and songs, respectively, among Americans. Novelists and filmmakers frequently have turned to baseball motifs. After the mid-20th century, at the very time baseball at the grassroots level had begun a perceptible descent, baseball fiction proliferated. American colleges and universities even began to offer courses on baseball literature, and baseball films likewise proliferated. In 1994 the Public Broadcasting System released Ken Burns’s nostalgic Baseball, arguably the most monumental historical television documentary ever made. While baseball possessed enormous integrative powers, the game’s history also has been interwoven with and reflective of major social and cultural cleavages. Until the first decades of the 20th century, middle-class Evangelical Protestants viewed the sport with profound suspicion. They associated baseball, or at least the professional version of the game, with ne’er-do-wells, immigrants, the working class, drinking, gambling, and general rowdiness. Conversely, these very qualities provided a foothold for the upward ascent of ethnic groups from the nation’s ghettos. Usually encountering less discrimination in baseball (as well as in other venues of commercial entertainment) than they did in the more “respectable” occupations, in the 19th century Irish and German Americans were so conspicuous in professional baseball that some observers wondered if they had a special capacity for playing the game. Jackie RobinsonJackie Robinson of the Brooklyn Dodgers stealing home as Boston Braves catcher Bill Salkeld is thrown off-balance by the pitcher's throw to the plate during a baseball game at Ebbets Field, Brooklyn, August 22, 1948.(more)For a brief time in the 1880s, before racial segregation became the norm in the United States, Black players competed with whites in professional baseball. After that period, however, Blacks had to carve out a separate world of baseball. Dozens of Black teams faced local semiprofessional teams while barnstorming throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Despite playing a high quality of baseball, the players frequently engaged in various forms of clowning that perpetuated prevailing stereotypes of Blacks to appeal to spectators. From the 1920s until the ’50s, separate Black professional leagues—the Negro leagues—existed as well, but in 1947 Jackie Robinson crossed the long-standing colour bar in major league baseball. Because baseball was the national game, its racial integration was of enormous symbolic importance in the United States; indeed, it preceded the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision ending racial segregation in the schools (in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka) and helped to usher in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and ’60s. Moreover, in the 1980s and ’90s a huge influx of Hispanics into professional baseball reflected the country’s changing ethnic composition. Baseball likewise contributed to the shaping of American conceptions of gender roles. Although women were playing baseball as early as the 1860s, their involvement in the sport was confined for the most part to the role of spectator. To counter the game’s reputation for rowdiness, baseball promoters took pains to encourage women to attend. “The presence of an assemblage of ladies purifies the moral atmosphere of a baseball gathering,” reported the Baseball Chronicle, “repressing as it does, all the out-burst of intemperate language which the excitement of a contest so frequently induces.” When women played on barnstorming teams in the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, the press routinely referred to them as “Amazons,” “freaks,” or “frauds.” In 1943, during World War II, when it was feared that professional baseball might be forced to close down, the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League made its debut. After having provided more than 600 women an opportunity to play baseball and to entertain several million fans, the league folded in 1954. But, even if unable to heal conflicts arising from fundamental social divisions, baseball exhibited an extraordinary capacity for fostering ties. In the 1850s, young artisans and clerks, frequently displaced in the city and finding their way of life changing rapidly in the midst of the Industrial Revolution, conceived of themselves as members of what was known as the “base ball fraternity.” Like the volunteer fire departments and militia units of the day, they donned special uniforms, developed their own rituals, and, in playing baseball, shared powerful common experiences. Playing and watching baseball contests also strengthened occupational, ethnic, and racial identities. Butchers, typesetters, draymen, bricklayers, and even clergymen organized baseball clubs. So did Irish Americans, German Americans, and African Americans. Professional baseball nourished and deepened urban identities. “If we are ahead of the big city [New York] in nothing else,” crowed the Brooklyn Eagle as early as 1862, “we can beat her in baseball.” Fans invested their emotions in their professional representative nines. “A deep gloom settled over the city,” reported a Chicago newspaper in 1875 after the local White Stockings had been defeated by the St. Louis (Missouri) Brown Stockings. “Friends refused to recognize friends, lovers became estranged, and business was suspended.” Even in the late 20th century, in an age more given to cynicism, the successes and failures of professional teams continued to evoke strong feelings among local residents. For example, during the 1990s, after having experienced urban decay and demoralization in the previous two decades, Cleveland experienced a great civic revival fueled in part by the success of the Indians baseball team. Babe RuthWhen he joined the New York Yankees in 1920, Babe Ruth embarked on a home-run hitting campaign that would transform baseball and establish a record that would stand for nearly four decades.(more)Satchel PaigeSatchel Paige, 1942.(more)The significance of specific baseball teams and individual players extended beyond the localities that they represented. The New York Yankees, who in the first half of the 20th century were the quintessential representatives of the big city, of the East, of urban America with its sophistication, and of ethnic and religious heterogeneity, became synonymous with supernal success, while the St. Louis Cardinals emerged as the quintessential champions of the Midwest, of small towns and the farms, of rural America with its simplicity, rusticity, and old-stock Protestant homogeneity. In the 1920s Babe Ruth became the diamond’s colossal demigod. To those toiling on assembly lines or sitting at their desks in corporate bureaucracies, Ruth embodied America’s continuing faith in upward social mobility. His mighty home runs furnished vivid proof that men remained masters of their own destinies and that they could still rise from mean, vulgar beginnings to fame and fortune. For African Americans, Black stars such as Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson furnished equally compelling models of individual inspiration and success. Baseball parks became important local civic monuments and repositories of collective memories. The first parks had been jerry-built, flimsy wooden structures, but between 1909 and 1923 some 15 major league clubs constructed new, more permanent parks of steel and concrete. These edifices were akin to the great public buildings, skyscrapers, and railway terminals of the day; local residents proudly pointed to them as evidence of their city’s size and its achievements. Seeing them as retreats from the noise, dirt, and squalor of the industrial city, the owners gave the first parks pastoral names—Ebbets Field, Sportsman’s Park, and the Polo Grounds—but, with the construction of symmetrical, multisports facilities in the 1960s and ’70s, urban and futuristic names such as Astrodome and Kingdome predominated. In a new park-building era in the 1990s, designers sought to recapture the ambience of earlier times by designing “retro parks,” a term that was something of an oxymoron in that, while the new parks offered the fan the intimacy of the old-time parks, they simultaneously provided modern conveniences such as escalators, climate-controlled lounges, high-tech audiovisual systems, Disneyesque play areas for children, and space for numerous retail outlets. The increasing corporate influence on the game was reflected in park names such as Network Associates Stadium and Bank One Ballpark.

After about the mid-20th century, baseball’s claim to being America’s game rested on more precarious foundations than in the past. The sport faced potent competition, not only from other professional sports (especially gridiron football) but even more from a massive conversion of Americans from public to private, at-home diversions. Attendance as a percentage of population fell at all levels of baseball, the minor leagues became a shell of their former selves, and hundreds of semipro and amateur teams folded. In the 1990s, player strikes, free agency, disparities in competition, and the rising cost of attending games added to the woes of major league baseball. Yet, baseball continued to exhibit a remarkable resiliency; attendance at professional games improved, and attendance at minor league games was close to World War II records by the end of the century. As the 21st century opened, baseball still faced serious problems, but the sport was gaining in popularity around the world, and a strong case could still be made for baseball holding a special place in the hearts and minds of the American people. Benjamin G. Rader

BASEBALL中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

BASEBALL中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典

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英语-中文（简体）

baseball 在英语-中文（简体）词典中的翻译

baseballnoun [ C or U ] uk

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/ˈbeɪs.bɔːl/ us

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/ˈbeɪs.bɑːl/

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A1 (the ball used in) a game played especially in North America by two teams of nine players, in which a player hits a ball with a bat (= stick) and tries to run around four bases on a large field before the other team returns the ball

棒球（运动）

Jake never played baseball like the other kids.

杰克不像别的孩子，他从不打棒球。

He had a baseball and a couple of bats in his sports bag.

他的运动包里有一个棒球和几支球棒。

比较

hardball

softball

更多范例减少例句College baseball teams across the country are getting ready for the new season.This 21-year-old is now perhaps the best player in baseball.Joe is passionate about baseball .He was a member of the varsity baseball team.Where is the bag with the baseball bats in it?

(baseball在剑桥英语-中文（简体）词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)

baseball的例句

baseball

Baseball terms that have extended beyond the sport are also noted.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

For example, when asked for an apple, children picked a banana as often as they picked a baseball.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

If the baseball as a whole is also a causal agent, we have too many causal agents.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

The entire second quotation was written in baseball terms.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Wouldn't mention of baseball enrich these introductory offerings?

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

It may be time to add baseball free agents to that list.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Imagine a baseball being hit into the air and notice the trajectory it follows.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

They dress in jeans and baseball caps, and are often broke and bored.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

示例中的观点不代表剑桥词典编辑、剑桥大学出版社和其许可证颁发者的观点。

A1

baseball的翻译

中文（繁体）

棒球（運動）…

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西班牙语

béisbol, pelota de béisbol, béisbol [masculine]…

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葡萄牙语

beisebol, bola de beisebol, beisebol [masculine]…

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日语

土耳其语

法语

加泰罗尼亚语

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丹麦语

in Swedish

马来语

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in Urdu

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阿拉伯语

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印尼语

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越南语

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意大利语

बेसबॉल, उत्तर अमेरिकेत खेळला जाणारा एक मैदानी खेळ. दोन्ही संघात प्रत्येकी नऊ खेळाडू असतात. खेळाडूकडे फेकलेला चेंडू बॅटच्या साह्याने दुरवर टोलवल्यावर तो खेळाडू मैदानावर आखलेल्या चार थांब्यांवरून परत आपल्या सुरूवातीच्या जागेवर पळत येतो. दुसर्या संघातील खेळाडू टोलावलेला चेंडू शोधून तो सुरूवातीच्या जागी पळणारा खेळाडू परत यायच्या आघी आणण्याचा प्रयत्न करतात., बेसबॉल खेळाचा चेंडू.…

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野球, 野球のボール, 野球（やきゅう）…

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beyzbol, beyzbol topu, beyzbol(oyunu)…

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baseball [masculine], balle [feminine] de baseball, baseball…

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beisbol, pilota de beisbol…

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honkbal…

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குறிப்பாக வட அமெரிக்காவில் ஒன்பது வீரர்களைக் கொண்ட இரண்டு அணிகளால் விளையாடப்படும் ஒரு விளையாட்டு, இதில் ஒரு வீரர் ஒரு மட்டையால் (= இவ்விளையாட்டிற்காக விசேஷமாக உபயோகப்படுத்தப்படும் ஒரு மட்டை) ஒரு பந்தை அடிக்கிறார், மேலும் எதிர் அணி பந்தை வீசியவரிடமே திருப்பித் தருவதற்கு முன்பு பந்தை எதிர்கொள்பவர் ஒரு பெரிய மைதானத்தை நான்கு தளங்களைச் சுற்றி ஓட முயற்சிக்கிறார்…

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बेसबॉल, विशेषकर उत्तरी अमरीका में खेला जाने वाला एक खेल जिसमें नौ-नौ खिलाड़ियों की दो टीमें होती हैं, खिलाड़ी गेंद को बल्ले से मारता है और दूसरी टीम के खिलाड़ी उस गेंद को वापस करने के पहले एक बड़े मैदान के चार ठिकानों को दौड़कर पार करने की कोशिश करते हैं…

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બેઝબોલ, બેઝબોલની રમતમાં ઉપયોગમાં લેવાતો દડો.…

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baseball…

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baseball, baseboll…

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besbol…

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das Baseball(-spiel)…

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baseball [masculine], baseball…

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بیس بال (امریکہ میں ایک خاص قسم کے بلے اور گیند سے کھیلا جانے والا ایک کھیل), بیس بال…

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бейсбол…

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бейсбол, бейсбольный мяч…

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బేస్ బాల్, విశాలమైన క్రీడాస్థలంలో 9 మంది సభ్యులు గల రెండు జట్ల మధ్య సాగే ముఖ్యంగా ఉత్తర అమెరికాలో ఆడే క్రీడ. ఇందులో ఒక ఆటగాడు బ్యాట్/కర్ర తో బంతిని కొట్టి, ప్రత్యర్థి బృందం వాళ్లు బంతిని తిరిగి పంపే లోగా క్రీడాస్థలి లోపలి నాలుగు నిర్డేశిత మూలల (బేస్ ల) చుట్టూ పరుగెత్తి రన్ లు సాధించడానికి ప్రయత్నిస్తాడు.…

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لُعْبة البيسْبول, كُرة القاعِدة, كُرة البيسْبول…

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বেসবল, একটি খেলা বিশেষ করে উত্তর আমেরিকায় প্রতি দলে ন-জন খেলোয়াড়ের দুটি দল দ্বারা খেলা হয়, যেখানে একজন খেলোয়াড় একটি ব্যাট দিয়ে একটি বলকে আঘাত করে এবং অন্য দল বল ফেরানোর আগে একটি বড়ো মাঠে চারটি বেস্‌-এর কাছাকাছি দৌড়োনোর চেষ্টা করে…

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baseball…

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baseball…

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กีฬาเบสบอล…

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bóng chày…

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baseball, piłka do baseballa…

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야구, 야구공…

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gioco del baseball, palla da baseball, baseball…

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base metal

base pay

base rate

base something on something

baseball

baseball cap

baseball jacket

baseband chip

baseboard

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baseball cap

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inside baseball

baseball jacket, at letterman jacket

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token

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/ˈtəʊ.kən/

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/ˈtoʊ.kən/

something that you do, or a thing that you give someone, that expresses your feelings or intentions, although it might have little practical effect

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How to Play Baseball (with Pictures) - wikiHow

How to Play Baseball (with Pictures) - wikiHow

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wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. Learn why people trust wikiHow

CategoriesSports and FitnessTeam SportsBaseballHow to Play Baseball

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Co-authored by

Isaac Hess

Last Updated: March 7, 2024

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Team Setup

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|Defensive Play

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This article was co-authored by Isaac Hess. Isaac Hess is a Baseball Coach, Instructor, and the Founder of MADE Baseball Development and Champion Mindset Training Program, a baseball training program based in Los Angeles, California. Isaac has over 14 years of experience coaching baseball and specializes in private lessons and tournaments. He has played baseball for both professional and collegiate leagues including Washington State University and the University of Arizona. Isaac was ranked as one of Baseball America's top 10 prospects for 2007 and 2008. He earned a BS in Regional Development from the University of Arizona in 2007.

There are 15 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page.

This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources.

This article has been viewed 861,636 times.

Baseball is one of America's most beloved and iconic sports out there. For those new to the game, the rules can seem confusing and complicated. But once you understand how to set up the field, how to play offense, and how to play defense, you can join or start a baseball game of your own.

Steps

Part 1

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